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Joshua Bernard B. Espeña

The author is a Manila-based defense analyst and international affairs academic who works and writes about issues and topics regarding the Great Power Politics of the Indo-Pacific, Philippine Strategic Culture, and ASEAN Studies. He currently pursues his master’s degree in International Studies at the University of the Philippines, Diliman. 
Indo-Pacific

Russian Military buildup in the Far East: Building Security for Insecurity

Joshua Bernard B. Espeña -
On Sep. 17, news surfaced that Russia announced its intention to increase its deployment in the Russian Far East. Accordingly, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu...
Security

Chinese Defense Minister’s Visit to the Philippines: Meeting Half-Way or a Power Play?

Joshua Bernard B. Espeña -
In the second week of September this year, Chinese Defense Minister Wei Fenghe visited Southeast Asian countries including Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines...
Indo-Pacific

The Iran-China Axis: A Threat in the Indo-Pacific?

Joshua Bernard B. Espeña -
The New York Times reported that it obtained information last July 2020 that Iran and China have forged a “25-year comprehensive partnership” that would develop...
Indo-Pacific

Paranoia on China? The Case for US Leadership in the Indo-Pacific

Joshua Bernard B. Espeña -
The 2003 invasion of Iraq spelled nostalgia in the world stage regarding United States when it repudiated the United Nations Security Council to topple Iraqi...

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Economy

The Algorithmic Shadow Economy

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Asia’s illicit economy is shifting from gangs to algorithms—automated tools, crypto rails, and fluid digital platforms creating a fast, leaderless shadow system that outpaces regulation and reshapes regional power.
Technology

AI-Driven Trade Wars: From Semiconductors to Data Sovereignty

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AI-driven trade wars are reshaping power—from chips to data. As nations race for control over semiconductors and digital sovereignty, the real battle is about who defines our shared future.
Commentary

India-Afghanistan Trade Relations: Opportunities and Challenges

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India–Afghanistan trade revival: new air links, Chabahar momentum, and tariff cuts open fresh opportunities — but logistics, sanctions, and regional tensions still pose tough challenges to unlocking full potential.
Commentary

Strategic Resilience: How China–Russia Economic Cooperation Is Redefining Eurasia’s Power Balance

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China–Russia’s deepening trade, energy, and connectivity links are quietly reshaping Eurasia. A partnership built on pragmatism and resilience is redefining the region’s power balance amid global shifts.
Defense

New Mission, Persistent Challenges, and Evolving Paradigms: The Transformation of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

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The AFP’s final modernization phase marks a bold shift—new missions, tougher challenges, and evolving defense paradigms. As tensions rise, sustaining reforms and credible deterrence becomes vital for the Philippines’ security future.

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